A Review on the Role of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) in Low-Carbon Concrete Pavements

Abstract

The growing environmental concerns associated with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) production have led to increased research on sustainable alternatives such as Limestone-Calcined Clay Cement (LC3). This study investigates the development, mechanical performance, durability, and environmental potential of LC3 cement for concrete road construction. LC3, consisting of clinker, calcined clay, limestone, and gypsum, offers up to 40% reduction in CO₂ emissions compared to OPC without the need for major technological modifications in production. Bibliometric analysis indicates a sharp rise in LC3-related publications after 2022, highlighting its global significance. Experimental findings show that LC3 concrete achieves compressive strengths of 45–55 MPa, improved flexural performance, and enhanced resistance to chloride and sulfate attacks. Field trials demonstrate its effective performance under real traffic conditions with reduced cracking and abrasion. Life-cycle assessments reveal 25–30% lower energy consumption and 8–12% cost savings, particularly in regions with accessible kaolinitic clays. Despite its advantages, challenges persist in standardization, calcination control, and large-scale implementation. This study concludes that LC3 is a technically and economically viable material for sustainable road infrastructure, capable of significantly reducing the carbon footprint of the construction sector. Further research should focus on performance-based mix optimization, long-term field evaluations, and the integration of digital tools to enhance LC3 deployment in pavement applications.